Bacterial community assessment of drinking water and downstream distribution systems in highland localities of Ecuador.

Bacterial communities in drinking water provide a gauge to measure quality and confer insights into public health. In contrast to urban systems, water treatment in rural areas is not adequately monitored and could become a health risk. We performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to analyze the microbiome present in the water treatment plants at two rural communities, one city, and the downstream water for human consumption in schools and reservoirs in the Andean highlands of Ecuador. We tested the effect of water treatment on the diversity and composition of bacterial communities. A set of physicochemical variables in the sampled water was evaluated and correlated with the structure of the observed bacterial communities. Predominant bacteria in the analyzed communities belonged to Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The Sphingobium genus, a chlorine resistance group, was particularly abundant. Of health concern in drinking water reservoirs were Fusobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae; these families are associated with human and poultry fecal contamination. We propose the latter families as relevant biomarkers for establishing local standards for the monitoring of potable water systems in highlands of Ecuador. Our assessment of bacterial community composition in water systems in the Ecuadorian highlands provides a technical background to inform management decisions.

The microbiome of the ice-capped Cayambe Volcanic Complex in Ecuador.

A major challenge in microbial ecology is to understand the principles and processes by which microbes associate and interact in community assemblages. Microbial communities in mountain glaciers are unique as first colonizers and nutrient enrichment drivers for downstream ecosystems. However, mountain glaciers have been distinctively sensitive to climate perturbations and have suffered a severe retreat over the past 40 years, compelling us to understand glacier ecosystems before their disappearance. This is the first study in an Andean glacier in Ecuador offering insights into the relationship of physicochemical variables and altitude on the diversity and structure of bacterial communities. Our study covered extreme Andean altitudes at the Cayambe Volcanic Complex, from 4,783 to 5,583 masl. Glacier soil and ice samples were used as the source for 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries. We found (1) effects of altitude on diversity and community structure, (2) the presence of few significantly correlated nutrients to community structure, (3) sharp differences between glacier soil and glacier ice in diversity and community structure, where, as quantified by the Shannon γ-diversity distribution, the meta-community in glacier soil showed more diversity than in glacier ice; this pattern was related to the higher variability of the physicochemical distribution of variables in the former substrate, and (4) significantly abundant genera associated with either high or low altitudes that could serve as biomarkers for studies on climate change. Our results provide the first assessment of these unexplored communities, before their potential disappearance due to glacier retreat and climate change.

Effects of an Emotional Education Program on Prisoners: An Experimental Study.

BACKGROUND: Emotional education has beneficial effects on physical and/or emotional health, resulting in a better quality of life. Thus, it is beneficial to provide prisoners with emotional education, because of the difficulties they often have, to attain these benefits. PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of a nursing intervention program in emotional education for incarcerated persons. METHODS: Experimental study with pretest-posttest repeated measures with a control group was conducted at a penitentiary center in the southeast of Spain. Forty-eight prisoners participated in the emotional education intervention program, and another 48 were part of the control group. The emotional intelligence questionnaire 24-item Trait Meta-Mood Scale, the resilience scale Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Rathus Assertiveness Questionnaire, and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey were utilized. FINDINGS: The intragroup, preintervention and postintervention comparisons in the study group showed improvements in self-esteem (p = 0.00, r = 0.51), resilience (p = 0.00, r = 0.42), assertiveness (p = 0.00, r = 0.46), and emotional intelligence in its dimensions of repair (p = 0.00, r = 0.32) and clarity (p = 0.02, r = 0.22) as well as in most of the quality of life dimensions. Significant intergroup differences were also found in all of these variables, except for attention and emotional clarity dimensions. CONCLUSION: The intervention improved the socioemotional health and quality of life of the prisoners, highlighting the importance of these interventions to be performed by the nursing personnel on a regular basis as a programmed activity within prisons.

Quality of life of patients and caregivers in southern Spain: Living with the Obstructive pulmonary disease and after a stroke.

Chronic diseases show a significant limitation on the quality of life and functional status, as patients as also their caregivers. The objective of this study is to analyse the quality of life of patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and stroke and their caregivers, and to find out if there is a relationship between the caregiver's overload and the quality of life of the patient, as well as to determine whether the functional status of the patients is related to the quality of life of the caregiver. Quantitative, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study, performed at Primary Health Care Centres of the northwest Area of Murcia Region (Spain), between January and May 2018, with 131 patients, 79 with stroke, 48 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (4 of them with both diseases), and 110 caregivers. The EuroQol scale, Zarit's questionnaire and Barthel's index and an ad hoc questionnaire of sociodemographic variables developed for this study were used. We found a positive and significant correlation between the scores of the caregiver's overload scale and those of the caregiver's health status (r = -0.425; p = 0.001), and a negative and also significant correlation between the overload and quality of life of the patients (r = -0.297; p = 0.002) and their inability (r = 0.189; p = 0.048). The more the overload we find the worse quality of life of the caregiver, but better quality of life of the patient. The physical inability of the patients also influences on the caregiver's level of overload, but not in his health status. Intervention programmes are needed to improve the quality of life of family members as they are the best patient support and the best help for healthcare professionals.

Satisfaction and Beliefs on Gender-Based Violence: A Training Program of Mexican Nursing Students Based on Simulated Video Consultations during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The increase in gender-based violence in light of the COVID-19 pandemic is a public health problem that needs to be addressed. Our study aimed to describe the satisfaction with a training program in gender violence victim's attention through simulated nursing video consultations, analyze the beliefs on gender violence in Mexican undergraduate nursing students, and understand the skills that need to be improved. A descriptive cross-sectional study using a mixed-method was carried out with 27 students using a validated satisfaction questionnaire (quantitative data) and conducting scripted interviews (qualitative data) analyzed through the interpretive paradigm. All nursing students expressed a high overall satisfaction with simulated nursing video consultations and positive perceptions about this training program. From the students' perceptions, three first-level categories and their related second-level and specific categories emerged: belief and myths, skills to improve, and learning improvements. A training program in gender violence victim's attention through simulated nursing video consultations, in the middle of a pandemic, was a satisfactory experience for nursing students and beneficial for them, as they gained new knowledge and socioemotional skills. This training program mainly improved the acquisition of communication and emotional management skills for an adequate gender violence victim's attention.

Análisis de la resiliencia y dependencia en deportes de combate y otras modalidades deportivas / Analysis of resilience and dependence in combat sports and other sports modalities

Resumen El ejercicio físico (EF) es una práctica sistematizada y orientada a un objetivo (salud, rendimiento, etc.) de actividad física. Dadas las respuestas a nivel fisiológico y cognitivo que genera, este puede influir en diversos factores psicosociales. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la prevalencia del riesgo de dependencia al EF y de resiliencia por deporte (colectivo, individual o combate) y analizar las diferencias, teniendo en cuenta el sexo, edad, dedicación deportiva y años de experiencia deportiva. Participaron 278 deportistas (194-varones, 84-mujeres). Se administró la Escala de Dependencia del Ejercicio-Revisada y la Escala de Resiliencia. Los resultados mostraron una menor sintomatología de riesgo de dependencia al EF y elevados niveles de resiliencia en deportes de combate frente al resto. En deportes individuales se encuentra una menor resiliencia a medida que van pasando los años de experiencia. En la modalidad colectiva se hallaron diferencias por sexo, mostrando las mujeres mayor resiliencia que los hombres. Los deportes de combate muestran mejores resultados en resiliencia y dependencia al EF.

Abstract Physical exercise (PE) is a systematized and goal-oriented practice (health, performance, etc.) of physical activity. Given the physiological and cognitive responses that it generates, it can influence various psychosocial factors. The aim of this study is to know risk exercise dependence and resilience prevalence in athletes by sport (collective, individual or combat), and analyze the differences, according to sex, age, sports dedication and years of sports experience. 278 athletes were evaluated (194 men and 84 women) using the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised and Resilience Scale inventories in the Spanish version. Results showed an important symptomatology of exercise dependence risk and higher levels of resilience in combat sports in comparison with team sports or individual sports. There was a significant negative correlation between resilience and years of expertise in individual sports athletes. Results from team sports athletes presented significant differences between men and women in resilience, increased in women. Sport combat practice showed better results in resilience and exercise dependence.

Implementation of Assisted Therapy With Dogs in the Therapeutic Approach to People With Autistic Spectrum Disorder.

A holistic intervention is needed for individuals who suffer from autism spectrum disorders. Our objective was to work with these individuals in a multidisciplinary manner through the use of animal-assisted therapy, finding improvements in the experimental group as compared with the control group in the different evaluated areas.

ANÁLISIS DE SITUACIÓN DE LAS EMERGENCIAS Y DESASTRES EN SALUD EN LA SUBREGIÓN ANDINA / ANALYSIS OF SITUATION OF EMERGENCIES AND DISASTERS IN HEALTH IN THE SUBREGION ANDEAN 2019

El estudio "Análisis de la Situación de las Emergencias y Desastres incluyendo la normatividad de los países Andinos", hace parte de los cinco estudios iniciales que el ORAS - CONHU ha realizado, a partir de un abordaje intersectorial. Los resultados de los estudios se han tenido en cuenta para la elaboración del Plan Andino en Salud y Cambio Climático, que tiene como propósito fortalecer las capacidades y condiciones de los países andinos para una adecuada gestión del cambio climático, haciendo mayor énfasis en las implicaciones de este fenómeno en la salud. Contiene: 1. INTRODUCCIÓN; 2. PRINCIPALES EMERGENCIAS Y DESASTRES PRESENTADOS EN LOS SEIS PAÍSES ANDINOS DURANTE EL PERIODO 2010-2017; 3. PRINCIPALES LOGROS EN LA GESTIÓN DE RIESGOS PARA EMERGENCIAS Y DESASTRES EN SALUD EN EL 2018 Y RETOS; 4. CONCLUSIONES, 4.1 SITUACIÓN DE EMERGENCIAS Y DESASTRES EN LOS PAÍSES ANDINOS, 4.2 PRINCIPALES LOGROS EN GESTIÓN DEL RIESGO; 5. RECOMENDACIONES REFERENCIAS; 6. ANEXO: NORMATIVIDAD DE LOS PAÍSES ANDINOS

Inteligencia emocional, Resiliencia y Autoestima en personas con discapacidad física y sin discapacidad / Emotional intelligence, resilience and self-esteem in disabled and non-disabled people

Introducción: La Inteligencia emocional, resiliencia y autoestima son conceptos relacionados con el desarrollo personal. Las personas que presentan discapacidad física, la percepción de las diferentes situaciones a las que tienen que enfrentarse pueden influir en sus emociones y comportamiento. Objetivo: Analizar las diferencias o similitudes entre las personas con discapacidad y sin discapacidad en el ámbito de la inteligencia emocional, la resiliencia y la autoestima. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo, transversal, y prospectivo, utilizando las escalas de la Inteligencia emocional TMMS-24, la escala de la Resiliencia CD-RISC10 y la escala de la autoestima de Rosemberg, con un total de 100 participantes. Resultados: Las personas con discapacidad física presentan medias estadísticamente superiores en inteligencia emocional y resiliencia, aunque en autoestima las personas sin discapacidad presentan medias superiores. Discusión: Distintos autores ponen de manifiesto que las emociones juegan un papel fundamental en el bienestar de los individuos. En el caso de las enfermedades que implican discapacidad física, afectan a los diferentes aspectos de la vida de las personas, por lo tanto se hace más necesario aún el buen manejo emocional para evitar que la persona sufra mayores consecuencias físicas y/o emocionales. Conclusiones: Las personas con discapacidad física presentan unos niveles adecuados de inteligencia emocional en sus diferentes dimensiones, desarrollando estrategias de afrontamiento que les permiten hacer frente a dichas dificultades. La autoestima de las personas con discapacidad física, se ve mermada por la baja percepción de control independiente

Introduction: Emotional intelligence, resilience and self-esteem are concepts related to personal development. People who have physical disabilities, the perception of the different situations that have to face may influence emotions and behavior. Objective: Analyze the differences or similarities between people with disabilities and without disabilities in the field of emotional intelligence, resilience and self-esteem. Methodology: Type descriptive, transversal and prospective, quantitative study using the scales of the emotional intelligence TMMS-24, the scale of the Resilience CD-RISC10 and the scale of the Rosenberg self-esteem, with a total of 100 participants. Results: Persons with physical disabilities present mean statistically higher on emotional intelligence and resilience, although regarding self-esteem people without disabilities have an upper mean. Discussion: Different authors have shown that emotions play a fundamental role in the well-being of individuals. In the case of diseases that involve physical disability, affect different aspects of the life of people, therefore even good emotional management is necessary most to avoid that the person may suffer greater consequences physical and/or emotional. Findings: Persons with physical disability have adequate levels of emotional intelligence in its different dimensions, developing coping strategies that enable them to cope with such difficulties. The self-esteem of people with physical disabilities is weakened by the low perception of independent control

Dependencia al ejercicio físico y trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / No disponible

El objetivo de estudio fue conocer el riesgo de dependencia al ejercicio físico a través de la Escala Revisada de Dependencia del Ejercicio (EDS-R, de Sicilia & González, 2011) de 49 pacientes con Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA), además de los motivos y las creencias que presentan respecto al ejercicio físico. Los resultados obtenidos indican como principal motivación la mejora de su aspecto físico bajo la creencia fundamental de que puede mejorar su salud física y psicológica, y en una notable mayoría el control de su peso. Los pacientes que realizan más de cuatro horas semanales de ejercicio físico presentan una media global más elevada de los síntomas consistentes con una dependencia al ejercicio físico frente aquellos que realizan menos de cuatro horas semanales. Este trabajo facilita la elaboración de estrategias de tratamiento ajustadas en pacientes con un TCA y el cuestionamiento de la recomendación de la práctica deportiva, pudiendo convertir un hábito sano en una posible adicción y agravamiento de su trastorno

The aim of study was to determine the risk exercise dependence through Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (Sicilia & González, 2011) in 49 patients with eating disorders, in addition to motives and beliefs having regard to physical exercise. The results indicate like main motivation the improve of their physical appearance under the fundamental belief that it can improve their physical and psychological health, and in a remarkable majority the control of his weight. The patients that realised more than four weekly hours of physical exercise present a global average more elevated of the consistent symptoms with a dependence to the physical exercise front those that realised less than four weekly hours. This work facilitates the preparation of strategies of treatment become adjusted in patients with eating disorders. We ask about if an increasing number of hours of his physical exercise may be harmful to health with risk from exercise addiction aggravating their disorder

Informal caregiving: perceived needs.

With the increasing population of persons over the age of 65 who need daily assistance in Spain, there is considerable need to better understand informal caregivers' views, particularly about the resources that are available to them, or should be available to them. With that purpose in mind, a grounded theory method was used with focus groups in Barcelona, Malaga, Seville, and Tenerife. All of the participants were caring for family members with dementia, cancer, or other neurodegenerative conditions. The findings generated 86 codes, which were grouped into two categories: understanding the experience of caregiving, and caregiving resources. The first category was the need for caregivers to talk about their experiences and to be listened to. The second category included the presence of resources and support requirements. The caregivers said that their ability as caregivers was limited; many did not know what resources were available or how to locate new resources. Many caregivers are carrying out their role dutifully, but feel isolated, suggesting that there is a lack of social understanding and policies about informal caregivers in Spain.

Implicaciones de la edad y el género respecto a la depresión en ancianos / No disponible

Fundamentos: Nuestro estudio tiene como objetivo delimitar si existe una influencia recíproca entre el género y la edad respecto a la depresión en ancianos. Métodos: La muestra está formada por 237 sujetos mayores de 65 años pertenecientes a la Región de Murcia, 124 mujeres y 113 hombres. Para dicha muestra, se han realizado análisis de varianza y de correlación para el estudio de la relación edad-género-depresión. La muestra se ha dividido en distintos grupos según la edad para analizar el efecto de ésta en la depresión. Resultados: Se ha obtenido una relación estadísticamente significativa entre género y depresión pero no entre edady depresión. Conclusiones: Según nuestro trabajo, ser mujer se asocia a mayores puntuaciones en depresión en los ancianos con independencia de la edad, mientras que la edad no se ha mostrado determinante en la existencia de fluctuaciones en los valores de depresión en la población anciana (AU)

Foundations: The purpose of this study is to identify whether age and gender in elderly people has any influence in their depression. Methods: We have worked with 237 individuals for this survey from 65 years old on wards. They all belong to the Region of Murcia. 124 of them are women and 113 are men. We have carried out analysis of variance and correlation for the study of the relation ship among age, gender and depression.The individuals have been divided in different groups according to their age facilitating the observation of age in depression. Results: A significant relationship has been determined between gender and depression but not between age and depression. Conclusions: As a result we can say that gender - olderwomen - scores higher punctuations in depression with independence of their age. However age has not shown to be decisive in elderly depression (AU)

Recursos y consecuencias de cuidar a las personas mayores de 65 años: Una revisión sistemática / Resources and consequences of caregiving for people older than 65: a systematic review

Introducción: El cuidado prestado por los cuidadores principales de personas mayores constituye el principal soporte que éstas reciben. Proporcionar estos cuidados afecta de diferente manera a cada cuidador. La literatura es amplia y extensa al describir estas repercusiones de la tarea de cuidar sobre el cuidador, así como en referencia a los recursos de apoyo utilizados. Método: Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de la literatura, en las principales bases de datos nacionales e internacionales, sobre las intervenciones, recursos y repercusiones de la tarea de cuidar sobre los cuidadores informales de personas mayores. Conclusiones: Los cuidadores informales españoles de personas mayores parecen disponer de diferentes recursos de apoyo en su tarea de cuidado, aunque sigue siendo la familia la principal fuente de ayuda frente a los sistemas formales. La literatura recoge repercusiones tanto positivas como negativas derivadas de la responsabilidad del cuidado. Entre estos últimos, encontramos como máximo exponente los estados ansioso-depresivos, así como la sobrecarga del cuidador. Sin embargo, estas consecuencias negativas se entrelazan e interactúan con las afectaciones positivas. La revisión realizada nos invita a afirmar que se precisa el desarrollo de más estudios para tratar de esclarecer la relación entre ambos polos de la experiencia del cuidado (AU)